The exact hue depends on the method of preparation, which dictates the particle size. What are the 3 main heavy metals poisons: - arsenic -thallium - lead. Prussian blue (also known as Berlin blue or, in painting, Parisian or Paris blue) is a dark blue pigment produced by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts. When Prussian blue is subjected to alkaline conditions of sample preservation, it forms a brown-colored solution of iron(III) hydroxide and ferrocyanide that should return to blue upon acidification. xH2O, Diminution of Radiocaesium Body-burden in Dogs and Human Beings by Prussian Blue, Measurement of internal contamination with radioactive caesium released from the Chernobyl accident and enhanced elimination by prussian blue, Thallium Intoxication Treated with Long‐term Hemodialysis, Forced Diuresis and Prussian Blue, Ferric-cyanoferrate (II): An effective antidote in thallium poisoning, Radiocaesium transfer to Ewes Fed contaminated hay after the chernobyl accident: Effect of vermiculite and AFCF (Ammonium Ferricyanoferrate) as countermeasures, Thallium intoxication treated with long-term hemodialysis, forced diuresis and Prussian blue, Medical Aspects of 137Cs Decorporation: The Goiania Radiological Accident, Medical and Related Aspects of the Goiania Accident, Influence of Prussian Blue in Reducing Transfer of Radiocesium into Ovine Milk, Effect of incorporating fat into a liquid test meal on the relation between intragastric distribution and gastric emptying in human volunteers, The effects of Prussian Blue provided by indwelling rumen boli on the tissue retention of dietary radiocaesium by sheep, Ammonium-Ferric-Cyano-Ferrate(II) (AFCF) as an effective antidote against radiocaesium burdens in domestic animals and animal derived foods, Eleven cases of thallium intoxication treated with Prussian Blue, The Consequences of Ingestion by Man of Real and Simulated Fallout, Thallium Poisoning from Maliciously Contaminated Food, Studies of any toxicological effects of Prussian blue compounds in mammals-A review, In Vitro Cyanide Release of Four Prussian Blue Salts Used for the Treatment of Cesium Contaminated Persons, Drug, Meal and Formulation Interactions Influencing Drug Absorption After Oral Administration, Prussian Blue for Treatment of Radiocesium Poisoning, Validation of an in vitro method for the determination of cyanide release from ferric-hexacyanoferrate: Prussian blue. It has the chemical formula Fe 4[Fe (CN) 6] 3. This spot is visually or instrumentally compared to standard spots. Cyanide released from Prussian blue was maximum at pH of 1.0 (47.47 μg/g) and minimum at pH of 5.0-7.0 (20.01 μg/g). A thin layer of nondrying paste is applied to a reference surface and transfers to the high spots of the workpiece. Sodium cyanide is converted to sodium ferrocyanide on treating with ferrous sulphate. The length of time required for the maximum color to develop as well as the flocculation and settling out of the Prussian blue in the Nessler tubes are shortcomings of the Prussian blue method. Harmless. mine amounts of cyanide from 0.1 mg. to 2.0 mg. in 10 ml. Prussian Blue Test. Sodium nitroprusside test Certain crayons were once colored with Prussian blue (later relabeled midnight blue). julia_santosuosso. This practice extracts all cyanides, including the water insoluble cyanides such as Prussian blue, and then the extract solution can be analyzed for cyanide with Test Methods D6888, D7284, or D7511. THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH... Poisoners handbook. Prussian blue, any of several deep-blue pigments that are composed of complex iron cyanides and hence called iron blues. Insoluble prussian blue decreases the half life of cesium by … ห้องปฏิบัติการพิษวิทยาคลินิก ศูนย์พิษวิทยาศิริราช . Many such mixed-valence compounds absorb certain wavelengths of visible light resulting from intervalence charge transfer. (Prussian Blue). Tests were conducted to compare the cyanide recoveries of the MICRO DIST system with a traditional midi-distillation. This smell is somewhat similar to that of Amaretto. Soluble PB crystals contain interstitial K+ ions; insoluble PB has interstitial water, instead. Prussian Blue was the first modern dye to be synthesized and was the result of an accident. Prussian blue was discovered by accident by painter Heinrich Diesbach in Berlin in 1704-5, which is why it is also known as Berlin blue. Its formal name is iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II). They are used in the metal refining industry during metal hardening processes. Prussian blue would also give the name to the ferrocyanide and cyanide family of compounds. 1. They include a Prussian blue method somewhat similar to the one developed by us. PMID: 18961311 Cyanides and complex cyanides are particularly common in the residual materials of production at former gas works and coking plants. Scope . The Fe(III) centers, which are high spin, are octahedrally surrounded on average by 4.5 nitrogen atoms and 1.5 oxygen atoms (the oxygen from the six coordinated water molecules). Samples(6 mL each) were pipetted into asample tube and then acidified with 0.75mL of magnesium chloride/sulfuric acid-releasingsolution. In ideal insoluble PB crystals, the cubic framework is built from Fe(II)–C–N–Fe(III) sequences, with Fe(II)–carbon distances of 1.92 Å and Fe(III)–nitrogen distances of 2.03 Å. 26 terms. [1], Prussian blue is a common histopathology stain used by pathologists to detect the presence of iron in biopsy specimens, such as in bone marrow samples. [19] Engineer's blue and the pigment formed on cyanotypes—giving them their common name blueprints. 5.3 Water insoluble cyanide complexes, such as Prussian blue, are not completely recovered by distillation methods. Iron is a gray, moderately active metal. The resulting mixture is acidified with mineral acid. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2001, 49 (3) , 245-254. Chemical tests for cyanide Prussian blue. There are also variants containing other positive ions such as potassium K + or sodium Na +.. The variability of Prussian blue's composition is attributable to its low solubility, which leads to its rapid precipitation without the time to achieve full equilibrium between solid and liquid.[24][25]. Prussian blue may work best if you take it with food. Prussian blue (also known as Berlin blue or, in painting, Parisian or Paris blue) is a dark blue pigment produced by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts. julia_santosuosso. การทดสอบ : ไซยาไนด์ (Cyanide Screening test) 2. The diagnostic test to determine cyanide exposure takes 24 hours. Prussian blue is formed in the Prussian blue assay for total phenols. The insoluble complex is excreted without being absorbed from the intestinal walls. One-fourth of the sites of Fe(CN)6 subunits are vacant (empty), leaving three such groups. Owing to the molecular properties, cyanide is likely dissociated from PB under physiologically relevant pH conditions, thus raising a concern for the safety of the product. Prussian blue's ability to incorporate monovalent metallic cations (Me+) makes it useful as a sequestering agent for certain toxic heavy metals. new acid, hydrogen cyanide, first isolated from Prussian blue in pure form and characterized about 1783 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, was eventually given the name Blausäure (literally "Blue acid") because of its derivation from Prussian blue, and in English became known popularly as Prussic acid. in the original water. In this case, orange-red light around 680 nanometers in wavelength is absorbed, and the reflected light appears blue as a result. Prussian blue, any of several deep-blue pigments that are composed of complex iron cyanides and hence called iron blues. Cyanide released from Prussian blue was maximum at pH of 1.0 (47.47 μg/g) and minimum at pH of 5.0-7.0 (20.01 μg/g). Prussian blue is a powder that can be light or dark blue (the dark variety is called Turnbull's blue). 74 terms. The empirical formula—minus the water of crystallization—is Fe 7 (CN) 18. Since X-ray diffraction cannot easily distinguish carbon from nitrogen in the presence of heavier elements such as iron, the location of these lighter elements is deduced by spectroscopic means, as well as by observing the distances from the iron atom centers. I also suppose if you dissolve it in phosphoric acid that it liberates cyanide gas? (Prussian Blue). PB has a cubic lattice structure. PB is electrochromic—changing from blue to colorless upon reduction. Iron deposits in tissue then form the purple Prussian blue dye in place, and are visualized as blue or purple deposits.[31]. [26] The dominant uses are for pigments: about 12,000 tonnes of Prussian blue are produced annually for use in black and bluish inks. The pigment is significant as the first stable and lightfast blue to be widely used. The formation of Prussian blue can be used as a test for inorganic cyanide, for instance in the sodium fusion test. It is also a popular pigment in paints. European painters had previously used a number of pig… This change is caused by reduction of the Fe(III) to Fe(II), eliminating the intervalence charge transfer that causes Prussian blue's color. Horace D. Graham, J. Agric. Note: 1) In Lassaigne's test, afresh solution of fresh solution of FeSO 4 must be used. Cyanide from Prussian Blue I have some prussian blue. IRON - PRUSSIAN BLUE REACTION - MALLORY'S METHOD PURPOSE: To demonstrate ferric iron in tissue sections. Precipitating Prussian blue is a common way to char-acterize iron(III) in solution2 3 [FeII(CN) 6]4-(aq) + … Ferric Thiocyanate Method Instructions for preparing samples of solid food for testing are included with each purchase. If nitrogen is present in the compound, the Lassaigne's extract would contain sodium cyanide formed during fusion. How would I go about safely isolating a cyanide salt like the sodium or potassium cyanide from it? Excessive amounts are present in hemochromatosis, with deposits found in the liver and pancreas, hemosiderosis, with deposits in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Excessive amounts are present in hemochromatosis, with deposits found in the liver and pancreas, hemosiderosis, with deposits in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The Interaction of Prussian Blue and Dissolved Hexacyanoferrate Ions with Goethite (α-FeOOH) Studied to Assess the Chemical Stability and Physical Mobility of Prussian Blue in Soils. or a minimum of 1 p.p.m. (Diesbach was attempting to create a paint with a red hue.) A variety of other pigments also contain the material. The formation of Prussian blue is a positive result for cyanide. The Perls’ Prussian blue method is based on the ability of labile Fe 3 + to react with ferrocyanide ([Fe II (CN) 6] 4 −) to yield the intensely colored Prussian blue compound Fe III 4 Fe II CN 6 3 × H 2 O. Cyanide poisoning may be recognized by a smell similar to that of almonds emanating from the victim, his vomit or feces. Japanese painters and woodbloc… Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Reactions. Prussian blue is also used in the urine to test for G6PD deficiency. Chemical tests for cyanide Prussian blue. Iron(II) sulfate is added to a solution suspected of containing cyanide, such as the filtrate from the sodium fusion test. Cyanides and complex cyanides are particularly common in the residual materials of production at former gas works and coking plants. Two μg of cyanide can be detected by this method. Small amounts of iron are found normally in spleen and bone marrow. Two μg of cyanide can be detected by this method. xH2O, where x = 14–16. The resulting mixture is acidified with mineral acid. "Prussian Blue". In. The double salt with potassium produces colloidal solutions easily, hence it is known as "soluble Prussian blue", though it isn'… The blood of victims of cyanide poisoning appears somewhat bluish, due to the formation of iron complexes with the cyanides. The most common of these pigments are Prussian, Chinese, Milori, and toning blue. Prussian blue (PB), ferric hexacyanoferrate, Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6] 3 is indicated for the treatment of known or suspected internal contamination with radioactive cesium, radioactive thallium, or non-radioactive thallium. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) Prussian blue is used to enhance the elimination of radioactive cesium and/or radioactive or nonradioactive thallium from the body following known or suspected accidental exposure to these metals and/or intentional exposure from radioactive terrorism or … Iron-cyanide complexes (Prussian Blue) and potassium-iron cyanide complexes (potassium ferricyanide) are common. The mobility of ferrocyanide in soil depends on its chemical form for example, as described by de Vries [6]. 5.3 Water insoluble cyanide complexes, such as Prussian blue, are not completely recovered by distillation methods. Nanoparticles of Prussian blue are used as pigments in some cosmetics ingredients, according to the European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials. free cyanide being the most readily degradable and iron cyanide the least. On further treating it with ferric chloride, a prussian blue complex, ferricferrocyanide is formed. Prussian blue is a very dark blue, colorfast, non-toxic pigment – one of the first synthetic dyes – which was discovered accidentally in Berlin in 1704. in which thick sections of autopsy tissue were placed in a 5% solution of caustic potash for about a minute, then transferred to a solution containing 2.5% of ferrous sulfate, and 1% of ferric chloride, and heated to 60 degrees Celsius. Prussian blue (also called CI 77510) is a complex salt of iron and hexacyanoferric acids, or a double salt of iron and potassium thereof.This compound comes in several forms, though they all are similar. For other uses, see, InChI=1S/18CN.7Fe/c18*1-2;;;;;;;/q;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;3*-4;4*+3, [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3]. Prussian blue is usually taken 3 times per day for at least 30 days. It was adopted as a pigment very soon after its invention and was almost immediately widely used in oil [painting], watercolor, and dyeing. The pigment Prussian blue consists of iron cations, cyanide anions, and water. Cyanide Screening. Prussian blue, also known as potassium ferric hexacyanoferrate, is used as a medication to treat thallium poisoning or radioactive cesium poisoning. Its name comes from the fact that it was first extensively used to dye the dark blue uniforms of the Prussian army.. The original stain formula, known historically (1867) as "Perls Prussian blue" after its inventor, German pathologist Max Perls (1843–1881), used separate solutions of potassium ferrocyanide and acid to stain tissue (these are now used combined, just before staining). Stabilization of the Prussian blue color in the determination of polyphenols. Prussian blue exchanges potassium for cesium or thallium at the surface of the crystal in the intestinal lumen. This practice extracts all cyanides, including the water insoluble cyanides such as Prussian blue, and then the extract solution can be analyzed for cyanide with Test Methods D6888, D7284, or D7511. PRINCIPLE: The reaction occurs with the treatment … Prussian Blue Analogues The preparation of Prussian blue from aqueous solutions of potassium ferro-cyanide and ferric salts is a routine col-lege chemistry exercise. Pharmaceutical-grade Prussian blue in particular is used for people who have ingested thallium (Tl+) or radioactive caesium (134Cs+, 137Cs+) . Cyanide poisoning may be recognized by a smell similar to that of almonds emanating from the victim, his vomit or feces. Autopsy & toxicology. What plant does strychnine derive from. G (Environmental Research) 2012, 68 (4) , … This spot is visually or instrumentally compared to standard spots. You may need to take several capsules at one time to get the correct dose. Prussian blue is preferable because it will not abrade the extremely precise reference surfaces as many ground pigments may. Cyanide is released as the hydrocyanic acid and conducted through a prepared disk to form a prussian blue spot. Then, on heating with sulphuric acid, some iron (II) gets oxidised to form iron (III) hexacyanoferrate (II), which is Prussian blue in colour. para-Benzoquinone in DMSO. What are the 3 versions of cyanide that are poisoness - hydrogen cyanide( HCN)-potassium cyanide(KCN)-sodium cyanide ( NaCN) ... What is detected by the Prussian blue test. For all these electrochromic redox reactions, there is concomitant ion ingress/egress in the films for electroneutrality. Almost 80 years later, a Swedish chemist mixed Berlin Blue with an … Two students demonstrate how to make prussian blue using two chemicals and filtration According to U.S. Department of Health recommendations, "any delay to draw blood or … z03yy. Prussian blue (PB), ferric hexacyanoferrate, Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6] 3 is indicated for the treatment of known or suspected internal contamination with radioactive cesium, radioactive thallium, or non-radioactive thallium. How would I go about safely isolating a cyanide salt like the sodium or potassium cyanide from it? The resulting mixture is acidified with mineral acid. cyanide and ferric salts is a routine col-lege chemistry exercise. 13 terms. The chemist and paint maker Heinrich Diesbach had intended to prepare a red lake pigment. Samples and phenolic standards are given acidic ferric chloride and ferricyanide, which is reduced to ferrocyanide by the phenols. The most common of these pigments are Prussian, Chinese, Milori, and toning blue. modified sediment test method for analysis of total cyanide content by means of cascade sample bulking. Cyanide is released as the hydrocyanic acid and conducted through a prepared disk to form a prussian blue spot. was the . [32][33], Prussian blue is present in some preparations of laundry bluing, such as Mrs. Stewart's Bluing. Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. Prussian blue is strongly colored and tends towards black and dark blue when mixed into oil paints. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has determined the "500-mg Prussian blue capsules, when manufactured under the conditions of an approved New Drug Application, can be found safe and effective therapy" in certain poisoning cases. Typically, iron(II) sulfate is added to a solution suspected of containing cyanide, such as the filtrate from the sodium fusion test. Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman: Berrie, Barbara H. (1997). It has the chemical formula Fe III 4 [Fe II 6] 3. Simulating the Prussian Blue Cyanide Test In the 1920s, a common test for cyanide was the Prussian Blue Test in which thick sections of autopsy tissue were placed in a 5% solution of caustic potash for about a minute, then transferred to a solution containing 2.5% of ferrous sulfate, and 1% of ferric chloride, and heated to 60 degrees Celsius. Here, the authors introduced unusual CN-vacancies in Prussian blue analogue pre-catalysts that can limit Fe leaching and improve oxygen evolution performances. On addition of a Cu(II) solution the cyanocuprate(I) complex formed reduces the molybdate solution to molybdenum blue. Posts: 3 Registered: 24-1-2008 Member Is Offline Mood: No Mood posted on 24-1-2008 at 09:12: Cyanide from Prussian Blue I have some prussian blue. x H 2 O. In particular, it was used to absorb 137Cs+ from those poisoned in the Goiânia accident. The … Simple cyanide, weak metal-cyanide co mplexes, and strong-metal cyanide comp lexes are readily soluble in water. An in vitro physiological pH model that brackets gastric exposure and gastrointestinal transit was utilized for cyanide release. The pigment is significant as the first stable and lightfast blue to be widely used. Prussian blue has a reddish tint and is used almost exclusively in paints, enamels, and lacquers; Chinese blue is very dark, with a greenish tint, and is favoured for use in printing inks; Milori blue has a reddish … Cyanide, a colorless anion that forms in the process of making Prussian Blue… Due to a contaminated source of potash, he obtained the blue instead. Prussian Blue Test. Prussian blue (German: Preußischblau or Berliner Blau, in English Berlin blue) is a dark blue pigment used in paints and formerly in blueprints. Iron-cyanide complexes (Prussian Blue) and potassium-iron cyanide complexes (potassium ferricyanide) are common. Super Administrator. Comparing the absorbance at 700 nm of the samples to the standards allows for the determination of total phenols or polyphenols. A simple quantitative test for cyanide is described. The chief differences consist of the addition of tartaric acid before distillation, the use of a much smaller volume of distillate and much weaker iron solutions. ", "Observations and Experiments upon the Foregoing Preparation", "Försök, beträffande det färgande ämnet uti Berlinerblå", "De materia tingente caerulei berolinensis", Suicide Attempt by Ingestion of Potassium Ferricyanide, "Calorimetric study of Prussian blue and Turnbull's blue formation", "Questions and Answers on Calcium-DTPA and Zinc-DTPA (Updated)", "The Right Chemistry: Columbo, your laundry and liquid bluing", National Pollutant Inventory – Cyanide compounds fact sheet, Heyltex Corporation distributors of Radiogardase (Prussian blue insoluble capsules), "On the discovery and history of Prussian blue", Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate, International Commission on Illumination (CIE), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&oldid=1006930414#Analytical_chemistry, World Health Organization essential medicines, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Prussian blue is extremely insoluble, but also tends to form colloids, Traditional syntheses tend to afford impure compositions, Even pure Prussian blue is structurally complex, defying routine crystallographic analysis, This page was last edited on 15 February 2021, at 16:16. woelen . Similarly, Prussian blue is the basis for laundry bluing. This seems odd with respect to the iron oxidation state until you learn that the complex contains Fe(II) and Fe(III). Prussian blue (PB; iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)) thin films can be switched to Prussian white (PW) on electrochemical reduction and to Prussian yellow (PX) on oxidation via the partially oxidized Prussian green (PG). The empty nitrogen sites are filled with water molecules, instead, which are coordinated to Fe(III). It is an inorganic compound with the idealized formula Fe 7 (CN) 18, containing also variable amounts of water and other ions. Small amounts of iron are found normally in spleen and bone marrow. Diesbach called the vivid pigment Berlin Blue; English chemists would later rename it Prussian Blue. 13.1), in such a way that the iron(III) ions are surrounded octahedrically by nitrogen atoms, and iron(II) ions are surrounded by carbon atoms. Iron(II) sulfate is added to a solution suspected of containing cyanide, such as the filtrate from the sodium fusion test. Like most high-chroma pigments, Prussian blue cannot be accurately displayed on a computer display. The formation of Prussian blue is a positive result for cyanide. It is insoluble in water, but it is possible to prepare a colloidal solution of Prussian blue. To make swallowing easier, you may open the Prussian blue capsules and sprinkle the medicine into a spoonful of liquid or bland food. The composition is notoriously variable due to the presence of lattice defects, allowing it to be hydrated to various degrees as water molecules are incorporated into the structure to occupy cation vacancies. Ferrocyanide (which is yellow) was coined as Neo Latin for "iron-containing blue material", since it was first isolated from Prussian blue. Detection of Sulphur 1. charlottecoelho . Does someone know how violent/quick the release would be? The intense blue color of Prussian blue is associated with the energy of the transfer of electrons from Fe(II) to Fe(III). To a portion of SFE, freshly prepared ferrous sulphate, FeSO 4 solution is added and warmed. A simple quantitative test for cyanide is described. [34], This article is about the pigment. Owing to the molecular properties, cyanide is likely dissociated from PB under physiologically relevant pH conditions, thus raising a concern for the safety of the product. The results turn blue depending on the cyanide concentration but as far as I know there's no iron (or copper though) in the chloramine T test. For thallium it may be used in addition to gastric lavage, activated charcoal, forced diuresis, and hemodialysis. Simply place three to five droplets of the prepared sample to the entry port marked on the card and watch for blue color to form if cyanide is present in the sample. Engineer's blue, Prussian blue in an oily base, is the traditional material used for spotting metal surfaces such as surface plates and bearings for hand scraping. This is heated to 60˚C for 10 minutes, then transferred to a solution of hydrochloric acid. of cyanide in water. Additional eight (interstitial) water molecules are present in the unit cell, either as isolated molecules or hydrogen bonded to the coordinated water. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. What is the name of the chemical test used to detect the presence of cyanide? Prussian blue has a basic cubic structure consisting of alternating iron(II) and iron(III) located on a face centered cubic lattice (Fig. [Fe+3].N#C[Fe-4](C#N)(C#N)(C#N)(C#N)C#N.N#C[Fe-4](C#N)(C#N)(C#N)(C#N)C#N.N#C[Fe-4](C#N)(C#N)(C#N)(C#N)C#N, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their. Also comparing the results with the Prussian Blue test, the resulting blue from the chloramine T test is definitely more green than the Prussian Blue. IRON - PRUSSIAN BLUE REACTION - MALLORY'S METHOD PURPOSE: To demonstrate ferric iron in tissue sections. It is given by mouth or nasogastric tube. Iron-cyanide complexes are biodegradable but not readily biodegradable. Thus, the formula that gives a truer idea of its composition is Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6] 3. The chemical equations involved in the reaction can be represented as Then about 2 to 3 drops of FeCl 3 solution are added and acidified with conc. The ferric chloride and ferrocyanide react to form Prussian blue. Metal-metal cyanide complexes are insoluble in acid Metal – Metal cyanide complexes, such as Prussian Blue (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3), are insoluble in water and are the most common forms of cyanide found in sediment and soil2. Cyanide. The pair were attempting to create a red lake pigment but obtained the blue instead as a result of the potashthey were using having come from a contaminated source. Turnbull's blue is chemically identical, but is made from different reagents, and its slightly different color stems from different impurities.
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