Copyright: © 2019 Chin et al. Remember to count everyone who lives in your household, including young children, newborns and any relatives or others. Respondents who âhave respiratory diseaseâ or âhave been hospitalizedâ due to air pollution were more likely to think that this false statement is true. Talk to Your Teacher Your professors can provide you with some unique presentation ideas if ⦠b. Each survey took an average of 15 minutes to complete. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. by European Public Health Alliance | Feb 25, 2021 | #CleanAirHealthyCities, Clean Air | Analysis & Opinion, Guest Article: Lubomira Wengler, Project Manager, the Polish Society for Health Programs. In addition to releasing harmful pollutants (e.g. The survey questionnaire (S1 and S2 Files) contained three sections. [13]). Furthermore, during haze episodes, a positive correlation has been observed between pollution levels and increases of asthma, acute respiratory infection, and conjunctivitis outpatient visits in several states [11]. Why and how should we prioritize marginalized communities in the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines in Europe? Respondents from KV tend to have higher education level and were more likely to have more vehicles in the household, as compared to IMâs respondents. Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of growth in which resource use aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can ⦠This work, however, requires the improvement of existing solutions, the introduction of new ones, including those based on good cities’ practices, as well as constant care. Further, it has been shown that citizensâ compliance in paying their tax obligations is greater if there is a perception that their taxes will be used wisely [72] and transparency in government engenders greater trust from citizens. broad scope, and wide readership â a perfect fit for your research every time. For instance, the categorization of survey sample requires further refinement. [15]; [16]), for about two weeks of the two-month period of SeptemberâOctober 2015, the fires producing the haze were also emitting up to 20 million tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalent per day, surpassing the entire output of the United States for that period [17]. 4 days ago NamanSharma271. It is assumed that the items on a scale are a random sample of all possible items that could measure a certain attribute; thus, those items should be highly correlated. Yes Other lines of evidence show Malaysian commuters exposed to the haze reported substantially greater adverse health experiences, with complaints such as headache, coughing, and breathing difficulties [22]. The first section of the questionnaire autopopulates information about your deployment history, which is pulled from VAâs records, and requests you confirm or update it. Has this Committee done any feasibility studies on air quality around community in Diepkloof? Which of these methods do you most often use to communicate with your friends? Essential elements for implementation of the family origin questionnaire (FOQ) to help assess if a person is a likely carrier for sickle cell and thalassaemia (SCT). Thus, the sampleâs levels of WTP were explored as follows. Progressing on the circular economy and the âFarm to Forkâ strategy for sustainable food, covering every step in ⦠Take A Sneak Peak At The Movies Coming Out This Week (8/12) #BanPaparazzi â Hollywood.com will not post paparazzi photos; New Movie Releases This Weekend: March 5th â March 7th Items included âI do not mind paying more money to use better quality gasoline which leads to less pollutionâ and âI am willing to accept cuts in my standard of living in order to protect the environmentâ (see Table 1 for the complete list of items). Formal analysis, For the latest information about coronavirus, visit the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Mindset Interdisciplinary Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. 3 days ago Bhavesh Patel. After COVID19, what’s next for EU medicines policies? No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212206, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/airpollution/en/, http://www.moh.gov.my/english.php/pages/view/409. As outlined by Bickerstaff [49], risk perception is influenced by complex social, political and cultural processes, and so further work to understand associated impacts on behaviours related to air pollution would be valuable. No, Is the Subject Area "Economic growth" applicable to this article? [10]; [47]; [48]). In addition, respondents whose family members were suffering from respiratory disease were more likely to perceive conditions as harmful and more likely to believe (incorrectly) that respiratory disease is the leading cause of death among Malaysians. Factors such as age, income, employment sector, education level, income and parenthood had no significant effect on awareness level. Writing â original draft, Affiliation We found that respondents with experience of respiratory illness in their family were more willing to pay to protect the atmosphere compared with those without. Nevertheless, despite most respondents (65%) believing that pollution from vehicles endangers health, only a minority (31%) reported often reducing driving for environmental reasons. We found that while male respondents in this study showed a statistically significant higher awareness of air pollution compared to female respondents, the magnitude of the difference was extremely small. This survey collects feedback about the reasons that cause environmental pollution and the ⦠Implications point to the need for actions for spreading awareness of air pollution to the overall population, especially with regards to its health risks, as well as strategies for increasing the perception of behavioural control, especially with regards to motor vehiclesâ usage. In terms of household monthly income, over 50% of the sample reported an amount of ⤠Malaysian Ringgit 5000 per month. Further studies should consider the use of new items, specifically developed for and tested in the Malaysian context, in order to develop a Malaysian scale for support of environmental protection. In short, only citizens who are well aware of the situation and fully dedicated to their right to a quality environment could then drive possible environmental protection practices. Le tout dans un seul endroit. People will be counted where they live and sleep most of the time as of April 1, 2020 (Census Day). Perception levels reported among levels of (a) parenthood, (b) sickness and (c) hospitalization; x-axis indicates percentage. The survey was then distributed via Qualtrics with the use of an anonymous link through social media platforms and personal networks. Moreover, open-ended questions need to be incorporated to reveal new problems and deepen the understanding of the respondentsâ attitudes towards current air quality. See also In The Loop, a spin-off feature film. Are you sure you want to Yes No. You can find ATMs for TD, BMO, RBC and HSBC on Broadway between Laurel and Cambie. Writing â review & editing, * E-mail: matthew.ashfold@nottingham.edu.my, Affiliations 4.2 Companies shall develop or participate in and contribute to policies and programmes which provide for the transition of any child found to be performing child labour to enable her or him to attend and remain in quality education until no longer a child; "child" and "child labour" being defined in the appendices. in the vast majority of cities (94%), the policies and strategies also include combating pollution generated by road transport. Despite some respondentsâ emphasis on economic growth, many are willing to pay for environmental (here specifically atmospheric) protection. PLEASE CONTACT MEMBERS OF THE STAFF BY EMAIL. We would like to show you a description here but the site wonât allow us. The Clean Air Strategy 2019 (âthe Strategyâ) states that air pollution is the top environmental risk to human health in the UK. The lowest agreement and therefore highest pro-environmental scores were seen in responses to questions that downplayed environmental protection, such as âIn order to protect the environment, Malaysia needs economic growthâ (mean = 3.40) and âMalaysiaâs government has to reduce atmospheric pollution, but it should not cost me any moneyâ (mean = 3.40), with less than 25 percent of respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing with either of these statements (Fig 5b). Yes This shows that the public has a tendency to feel that their actions have little or no impact as far as reducing air pollution is concerned and this perceived low level of control over environmental problems may discourage affected populations from becoming part of the solution. rosemary@epha.org Login to see the comments. Cortina [44] (as cited in [45]), stated that a low number of items in a scale will lead to a low Cronbachâs alpha value. With regards to the awareness scale in Section B.2, a score of 1 was awarded for each right answer, -0.2 for wrong answer and zero for any âno-answerâ option chosen. Thus, this study attempts to explore this topic by understanding the publicâs perception of current air pollution, their environmental awareness, and attitudes towards environmental protection. However, willingness-to-pay was substantially reduced in the form of tax payment, indicating selective preferences in the nature of payment mechanisms [69, 70]. The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident on the night of 2â3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.It is considered among the world's worst industrial disasters. So in total, 113 questionnaires were discarded. [38]. For example, the reason why respondents are not willing to pay more taxes for cleaner air may relate to multiple reasons, such as political views, health conditions, social psychological pressure, and other factors. Questionnaires filled out by respondents who are not residing in KV or IM (a total of 38) were also deemed ineligible. The tax implemented by the Malaysian government in 2013 was unpopular and one of the driving forces behind the victory of the opposition Pakatan Harapan coalition, which has now scrapped the tax, in the 2018 Malaysian General Election. Their responses were then normalized using the âRelative Priority Indexâ (RPI) method, which is adapted from De Pretto et al. Mean pro-environmental scores are shown next to each question on a scale of 1â5. 10. This system should provide a recommended minimum total of 6 air changes per hour with a minimum of 2 air changes of outdoor air per hour to adequately dilute waste anesthetic gases (American Institute of Architects 1996-1997). Overall, the pattern of the respondentsâ choice was not significantly different in the two study sites (Ï2 = 0.539, df = 212, p > .05; Fig 3). Air pollution in Poland’s largest cities reaches the highest levels in the entire European Union. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Iskandar Malaysia (IM hereafter), occupies the southern tip of Peninsular Malaysia facing the island nation of Singapore, and includes the city of Johor Bahru and surrounding municipal areas. The survey consisted of three sections, where we collected sociodemographic information, information on the public perception of air quality and the causes of air pollution, information on public awareness of air pollution and its related impacts, and information on attitudes towards environmental protection. 4 days ago RaghuveerMeena6. Understanding awareness of air pollution and support for environmental protection from the general public is essential for informing governmental approaches to dealing with this problem. PLEASE NOTE THAT THE EPHA OFFICES UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE. ozone, nitrogen dioxide) and thus severely pollute the air [2]. The literature in this area is contradictory, with some findings that men are likely to be more scientifically literate and knowledgeable than women [51, 52] and other studies reporting that females tend to have higher awareness towards environmental issues [53, 54]. This approach has been adopted in various past research [38 39, 41]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212206.g001. This study examined urban Malaysiansâ perceptions of air pollution at their place of residence, their awareness of the causes and impacts of air pollution, their opinions on air pollution, and their willingness to pay for environmental protection. However, all travelers entering Mexico BY AIR from another country are required to complete a health questionnaire which can be submitted online.This is in ADDITION to the Tourist Card which you can start below. No, Is the Subject Area "Air quality" applicable to this article? Yes Nine cities have no such knowledge. In two minutes, get a tailored list of government programs and services for your business. here. Respondents who owned more than three vehicles in their household showed a significantly higher WTP (4.1 ± 0.3, p < .05); respondents who had family members who suffered from respiratory disease had significantly higher WTP compared with those who did not (3.3 ± 0.7 vs 3.0 ± 0.5, p < .05). This study presents a cross-sectional survey conducted in ⦠e0212206. As a consequence, various human activities in these countries now emit harmful particulates (often defined as PM10 or PM2.5) and gases (e.g. Thus, further research is needed to help understand detailed factors shaping peopleâs awareness. No more coverage in the media to this looter and his likes. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212206.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212206.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212206.s003. As in many nations, air pollution linked to rapid industrialization is a public health and environmental concern in Malaysia, especially in cities. 2 billion annually, if this reduction remained constant across a lifetime (indicator 4.2). +32 (0) 474 32 19 18, European Alliance for Responsible R&D and Affordable Medicines Coordinator, AMR Stakeholder Network : Call for good practices to tackle antimicrobial resistance, MEPs Fight AMR: AMR in the environment: From monitoring to action, MEPs Fight AMR: Tackling the dependence of EU food systems on antimicrobials, MEPs Fight AMR: Fixing the antibiotic innovation pipeline, MEP Interest Group on AMR Official Launch, Joining the Dots: Tackling Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and Antimicrobial Resistance in Europe, Preventing Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), WEBINAR | New opportunities for health in European food & agricultural policies, Leveraging Healthy and Sustainable Diets Through Agricultural Policy Reform. Electric vehicles and air pollution: the claims and the facts, Dr Milka Sokolović joins EPHA as new Director-General, HERA should be independent and autonomous with a clear public health mission, EPHA says, Joint letter I Steps needed to meet the EU ban on routine use of antimicrobials in animal farming, Open Letter I The new CAP needs Social Conditionality, Landmark agreement for children on #ESFPlus, but still much to do to tackle poverty and social inclusion, child and health NGOs say, Increasing our options for cancer treatment in Europe. Results showed that respondents in both KV and IM ranked âmotor vehicle emissionsâ as the most significant contributor (RPI = 100), âindustrial emissionsâ as the second highest factor (RPI = 81.67/81.25 in KV and IM respectively), followed closely by âopen burningâ (RPI = 79.44/79.91), and, with much lower priority, âhaze episodeâ (RPI = 62.22/52.23). This mild negative scoring system was used to distinguish participants who did not know the answer and those who made an error. Understanding awareness of air pollution and support for environmental protection from the general public is essential for informing governmental approaches to dealing with this problem. The rationale for conducting this study is that the implementation of any programme or legislation could not be successful without public awareness and support for environmental protection. Among the entire sample, only 38% do not mind the government increasing taxes for the purpose of preventing future air pollution. [34]; [68]). The framework of the survey instrument was adapted from our recent study [38] that was carried out in Malaysia with similar objectives. ... No independent variable is specified. Residents of every housing unit should work together to fill out one questionnaire per household. Review the deployment periods listed, and select the circle next to either Yes or No to indicated if the information is complete and accurate. Malaysia also experiences regional air pollution, such as severe âhazeâ episodes mostly caused by widespread forest fires in Indonesia (e.g. for 18 out of the 31 cities (58%) the share of road transport in air pollution is known. Over the last half-century, many countries have transformed from an agrarian-based rural economy towards an industrial-based urban economy [1]. As of June 1, 2016, Trump had not responded to the issue questionnaire of the nonpartisan disability group RespectAbility. The awareness scores among different demographic variables was statistically tested and is summarized in Table 3. The 2015 Southeast Asian haze event had particularly serious health impacts, with smoke exposure during the episode estimated to have resulted in an excess of 6,500 deaths in Malaysia [23], substantially higher than the 2,300 deaths estimated from the 2006 Southeast Asian haze event [23]. [41] and Rotko et al. An average âawarenessâ score was then calculated for every respondent. From funding to advice, everything you need. In relation to this, our results suggest that a relation between awareness of environmental issues (which could be gained through education) and opinions in favour of environmental protection does exist, but is rather weak. Overall, more than half of the respondents are willing to contribute part of their income (59%), willing to pay more money for cleaner petrol (55%), and willing to accept cuts in their living standard for the sake of environmental protection (51%). The intention was to examine general support for environmental protection and willingness-to-pay (WTP) towards environmental protection pertinent to air pollution. Fig 5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212206.g003. Attitude statements consisted of a mix of statements that were pro environmental protection and statements that placed environmental protection as unimportant or secondary to something else, such as economic growth (Fig 5a, 5b and 5c). Your message goes here Post. Project administration, Health Details: COVID19 INFORMATION: As of today, Mexico is OPEN to visitors.No special requirements, health tests, or quarantines are required. For example, respondents with children were more likely to perceive air as severely polluted. The environmental survey questions and sample questionnaire template is an in-depth survey template that helps collect feedback about oneâs perception of environmental pollution. Room exhaust containing waste anesthetic gases should not be recirculated to other areas of the hospital. Self-regulation: a false promise for public health? We also found significant support (52% agreeing or strongly agreeing) for the statement âProtecting the environment should be given priority, even if it causes slower economic growth and some loss of jobsâ, and analogously, significant disagreement (47%, similar to [38]) with the statement âHaze is a fair price to pay for economic developmentâ. As suggested by Maloney et al. This information was used to discard these four participants from the study. The 24 hours urine collection from the sunset yellow rats contained 40% of the molar equivalents of sulfanilic acid.Intact dye in ⦠Department of Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia, For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click But yes, definitely, there is hope for the future. The online questionnaire was designed in two languages: English and Malay, in order to ensure that targeted respondents were able to comfortably answer the questions with their preferred language. Four cities did not give a clear answer. ⢠India has made one of the fastest progress in the world, inaddressing its environmental. However, participants showed stronger agreement with protection actions that do not involve individual effort. Malaysians are the group of people being affected and controlled by the governmentâs regulations, plans and incentives, thus targeting Malaysians only provides the authors with a more applied view on attitudes towards environmental protection, especially with regards to factors related to taxes (as measured by some of the items in the survey). encourage carpool) is importantâ (mean = 4.37), or âTaking care of the environment is something I really care aboutâ (mean = 3.98). In a test of the effects of air pollution, groups of students performed a reaction-time task in a polluted or an unpolluted room. Supervision, There was no question pertaining nationality in the survey itself. There was no significant difference among the awareness level of populations from KV and IM (p > .05, Table 3). Of 214 respondents, over 60% were positive towards the air quality at both study sites despite the presence of harmful levels of air pollution. 8. These are the key findings from the survey: Hope for the future? Do electricity cut-offs cause pollution problems in the Townships? Nonetheless, 5 out of the 18 items, which were meant to represent the conative component of the attitude scale (denoting behavioural intentions), possessed adequate reliability (α = .62). Mindset Interdisciplinary Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia, 18941013532-08, PRESS INQUIRIES: Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. The survey was conducted in two languages, English and Malay, and administered through the online survey research software, Qualtrics. In 5 animals dosed with 14C-sunset yellow (2.7 mg, 4.62 uCi) after 96 hours urinary excretion of radioactivity was 8.5 +/- 3.4% of the dose. Yes Of the minority of respondents who did perceive a harm from air pollution, those in KV had a higher tendency to report the air as severely polluted, perhaps reflecting the reality of higher pollution levels in the more populous KV. the vast majority (94% of the responses) of the cities answered yes to the question on whether, significant disparities can be observed in the. There was broader variation in responses to statements that were against environmental protection, which were reverse scored when calculating mean pro-environmental opinion scores. We found perceptions of air pollution to be influenced by aspects of vulnerability to its health impacts. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. [21]). As in many nations, air pollution linked to rapid industrialization is a public health and environmental concern in Malaysia, especially in cities. Despite this regulatory framework, Malaysia still suffers from air pollution. 6. We thank Stephen Acreman for his helpful comments on the manuscript. We also found no significant relationship between WTP and awareness level, nor between WTP and the perception of air quality. here. No, there is no bank machine in BC Cancer â Vancouver. Is the Subject Area "Air pollution" applicable to this article? Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. No, Is the Subject Area "Environmental protection" applicable to this article? All in one place. While judgment on an ideal value of alpha needs to be made on a case to case basis, it is commonly understood in the social sciences that good alpha values should be between .7 and .9. 1040 Brussels (BELGIUM), Transparency Register Number: The highest agreement and therefore lowest pro-environmental scores were seen in responses to statements that framed these issues as beyond the scope of an individualâs action, such as âMalaysians worry too much about industrial development polluting the atmosphere and degrading humanâs healthâ (mean = 2.65) and âNothing can be done by me or my family / friends to improve the current atmospheric situationâ (mean = 2.36), with a majority of respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing with these statements (Fig 5b). It is worth noting that a vast majority of the people surveyed (87%) agreed that educating younger generations about the knowledge of environmental protection is highly important. This research was reviewed and approved by the Science and Engineering Research and Ethics Committee, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus. We would like to show you a description here but the site wonât allow us. Take A Sneak Peak At The Movies Coming Out This Week (8/12) #BanPaparazzi â Hollywood.com will not post paparazzi photos In Section C, scores on various statements related to environmental protection attitudes were determined from the 5-point Likert scale answers. Conceptualization, This survey was created via an online research software, Qualtrics (Qualtrics LLC, Provo, UT, USA) in the form of a self-administered questionnaire. It stars Peter Capaldi as spin doctor Malcolm Tucker. Statements 2, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14 and 18, which refer to negative attitudes towards environmental protection, were reverse scored. We found a large minority (45%) overtly prioritizing economic growth over environmental protection (âThe economic growth of Malaysia is currently more important than environmental protectionâ) and a larger number of respondents (55%) agreeing or strongly agreeing that âIn order to protect the environment, Malaysia needs economic growthâ.
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